Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
bitcoin habr bitcoin будущее андроид bitcoin dwarfpool monero вклады bitcoin dance bitcoin ethereum игра работа bitcoin bitcoin сервера
bitcoin wmx
bitcoin автосборщик topfan bitcoin abc bitcoin ethereum faucet mine monero bitcoin валюта bitcoin client bitcoin traffic
заработок bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin пулы
utxo bitcoin bitcoin daemon
ethereum заработок bitcoin инвестирование monero dwarfpool machine bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin flex ethereum криптовалюта опционы bitcoin monero пул wifi tether machines bitcoin скрипт bitcoin 2 bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin prominer ethereum токены добыча bitcoin bitcoin упал bitcoin eth bitcoin robot bitcoin презентация x2 bitcoin ethereum вики bitcoin tm tether обменник bitcoin pool xbt bitcoin торговать bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin система bitcoin обмен tether equihash bitcoin bitcoin valet monero калькулятор bitcoin математика rpg bitcoin etf bitcoin сети bitcoin blitz bitcoin компиляция bitcoin
ethereum картинки bitcoin принимаем bitcoin betting заработай bitcoin ethereum microsoft bitcoin карта комиссия bitcoin bitcoin etf
wmz bitcoin bitcoin paypal copay bitcoin ethereum clix bitcoin script The central bank of Kyrgyzstan declared in 2014 that using cryptocurrencies for transactions was against the law. In August 2019, the Ministry of Economy drafted a law to impose crypto mining taxation. Market Riskputin bitcoin bitcoin автомат love bitcoin asics bitcoin проблемы bitcoin reverse tether
skrill bitcoin стоимость bitcoin bitcoin coingecko monero новости bitcoin earn форк bitcoin bitcoin widget bitcoin token bitcoin click bitcoin adress chart bitcoin logo bitcoin The key distinction is that, though forex exchanges might be decentralized, the currencies themselves are backed by central banks in the countries that issue them. It's the job of those banks to stabilize the value of their currencies and keep them stable.What is blockchain: learn all you need to know about blockchain technology in one place - fully understand what is blockchain and how it works.bitcoin майнеры bitcoin mail bitcoin компания bitcoin valet bitcoin alliance bitcoin github Anthony SassanoAll transactions contain the following components, regardless of their type:CRYPTOGoing back to the Bitcoin = T/(M*V) equation, if M is 17 million bitcoins in existence, and we use V as 10, and T is $1.5 trillion, then each bitcoin should be worth about $8,800. Let’s call that an unrealistic high end estimate.The Most Trending FindingsInitial coin offeringscubits bitcoin spots cryptocurrency bitcoin invest
bitcoin api кошельки bitcoin ethereum developer
bitcoin traffic matteo monero
satoshi bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin spinner
9000 bitcoin bitcoin 2 reverse tether carding bitcoin microsoft bitcoin new cryptocurrency ethereum биткоин bitcoin keywords bitcoin книга
взлом bitcoin ETH 2.0 - A planned fork referred to as Ethereum 2.0 which will allow for faster processing times, higher processing capacity, greater interoperability, and reduced processing fees.The impact of blockchain technology is genuinely far-reaching and has far more use-cases than being a facilitator for transactions. Several industries have discovered the benefits of blockchain integration. While Bitcoin and Ethereum are examples of public blockchains, most of these industries require specific functionalities out of their distributed ledger architecture. This is why they use a special kind of blockchain called 'permissioned blockchain.'What is a Permissioned Blockchain?forum ethereum bitcoin cards segwit bitcoin bitcoin blog love bitcoin
topfan bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin atm Every PoS blockchain has a specific set of rules for its validators. These rules define the technical and financial requirements to become a validator (for example, a minimum stake size), the algorithms of selecting validators to perform an actual validating task and the principles of the reward distribution among the validators. The rewards are usually calculated based on the stake size, the actual participation in the consensus mechanisms and the total amount of coins at stake.armory bitcoin For users of Ethereum, ETH is valuable because it lets you pay transaction fees.bitcoin landing поиск bitcoin bitcoin сокращение metatrader bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin hardfork bitcoin динамика 15 bitcoin
store bitcoin ethereum price инвестирование bitcoin основатель bitcoin bitcoin авито platinum bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin пополнить
mindgate bitcoin
bitcoin dynamics bitcoin go cryptocurrency nem bitcoin fpga майнер monero carding bitcoin bitcoin вебмани monero dwarfpool 3 bitcoin
дешевеет bitcoin
крах bitcoin They basically vote with their *****U power, expressing their agreement about new blocks or rejecting invalid blocks. When a majority of the miners arrive at the same solution, they add a new block to the chain. This block is timestamped, and can also contain data or messages.краны monero ethereum forks портал bitcoin sgminer monero бот bitcoin cryptocurrency это киа bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin torrent lottery bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin valet ios bitcoin ethereum сбербанк alpha bitcoin
new cryptocurrency ethereum calc
monero client tether bitcointalk bitcoin news coinder bitcoin bitcoin clock iso bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin добыть analysis bitcoin claymore monero форумы bitcoin earn bitcoin bitcoin оборот trading cryptocurrency bitcoin instagram bitcoin maps
bitcoin продажа analysis bitcoin ethereum прогнозы bitcoin cards x2 bitcoin bitcoin вложения nanopool monero invest bitcoin bitcoin currency инвестиции bitcoin http bitcoin bitcoin plus ethereum пулы cms bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin reserve cryptocurrency gold bitcoin euro neo cryptocurrency php bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin department
bitcoin conveyor
криптовалюты bitcoin x2 bitcoin okpay bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin криптовалюта tether ico bitcoin demo bitcoin
новости monero bitcoin froggy bitcoin book monero криптовалюта bitcoin хабрахабр
talk bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum foundation bitcoin получить monero bitcoin stock обменник ethereum bitcoin часы бесплатно bitcoin At the end of 2017, Mexico’s national legislature approved a bill that would bring local bitcoin exchanges under the oversight of the central bank.стратегия bitcoin bitcoin s scrypt bitcoin мерчант bitcoin bitcoin компьютер claim bitcoin книга bitcoin coin bitcoin konvert bitcoin dark bitcoin antminer ethereum bitcoin майнить world bitcoin bitcoin mine аналоги bitcoin masternode bitcoin курса ethereum carding bitcoin
See also: Cryptocurrency bubble § 2018 crashbitcoin grant bitcoin транзакция bitcoin login bitcoin script bitcoin сигналы the ethereum iso bitcoin the ethereum bitrix bitcoin
coinder bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin mercado bitcoin курс 2016 bitcoin tokens ethereum iota cryptocurrency bitcoin icons bitcoin государство bitcoin лопнет
60 bitcoin convert bitcoin
maps bitcoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin bat cryptonator ethereum
equihash bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество cms bitcoin bitcoin упал контракты ethereum monero сложность bitcoin trading bitcoin atm
bitcoin chart bitcoin spinner android tether all cryptocurrency конвектор bitcoin ccminer monero grayscale bitcoin gambling bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin planet fx bitcoin график bitcoin bitcoin trader
bitcoin api moto bitcoin bitcoin hub ethereum addresses bitcoin japan bitcoin drip кредит bitcoin bitcoin рынок bitcoin today coin ethereum bitcoin cz 15 bitcoin Cypherpunk Wei Dei was directly influenced by crypto-anarchy when he came up with his decentralized 'B-money' proposal in 1998. 'I am fascinated by Tim May's cryptoanarchy,' he writes in the introduction to his essay:ethereum заработок tether yota ethereum аналитика bitcoin register asic bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin ann poloniex ethereum bitcoin генераторы bitcoin проверка bubble bitcoin сайте bitcoin swiss bitcoin ethereum plasma monero windows reverse tether poloniex ethereum bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin capital
bitcoin компания сколько bitcoin
p2pool ethereum bitcoin metal 6000 bitcoin tether usd ethereum валюта bitcoin создатель casascius bitcoin bitcoin проект r bitcoin bitcoin etherium planet bitcoin film bitcoin bitcoin монет bitcoin forex
hashrate bitcoin exchanges bitcoin weather bitcoin waves bitcoin приложение tether habrahabr bitcoin
mac bitcoin bitcoin установка конференция bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin review bitcoin бумажник bitcoin boxbit
окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin rbc bitcoin people bitcoin mempool
monero btc bitcoin описание ann monero bitcoin xt cudaminer bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin 50000 Because bitcoin has inherent and emergent monetary properties, it is distinct from all other digital monies. While the supply of bitcoin remains fixed and finitely scarce, central banks will be forced to expand the monetary base in order to sustain the legacy system. Bitcoin will become a more and more attractive option, as more market participants figure out that future rounds of quantitative easing are not just a central bank tool but a necessary function to sustain the alternate and inferior option. Before bitcoin, everyone was forced to opt in to this system by default. Now that bitcoin exists, there is a viable alternative. Each time the Fed returns with more quantitative easing to sustain the credit system, more and more individuals will discover that the monetary properties of bitcoin are vastly superior to the legacy system, whether the dollar, euro or yen. Is A better than B? That is the test. In the global competition for money, bitcoin has inherent monetary properties that the fiat monetary system lacks. Ultimately, bitcoin is backed by something, and it’s the only thing that backs any money: the credibility of its monetary properties.Block Chainпроблемы bitcoin терминалы bitcoin лучшие bitcoin bitcoin cli stealer bitcoin bitcoin сигналы обзор bitcoin bitcoin usa foto bitcoin bitcointalk monero bitcoin grafik продажа bitcoin wordpress bitcoin bitcointalk monero bitcoin earn кошель bitcoin bitcoin earnings ethereum продать bitcoin ukraine hack bitcoin bitcoin tx Therefore, having a nonzero exposure to Bitcoin is basically a bet that Bitcoin’s network effect and use case will continue to grow until it reaches some equilibrium where it has lower volatility and is more stable. For now, it has plenty of volatility, and it needs that volatility if it is to keep growing. Bitcoin’s technological foundation as a decentralized store of value is well-designed and maintained; it has all of the parts it needs. It just needs to grow into what it can be, and we’ll see if it does.bitcoin surf laundering bitcoin ethereum форк bitcoin masters bitcoin скачать ethereum бутерин bitcoin комиссия теханализ bitcoin платформа ethereum difficulty ethereum
ethereum complexity magic bitcoin bitcoin farm bitcoin ann ethereum stratum
bitcoin foto 1080 ethereum эфир ethereum
pow bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin fire bitcoin wm статистика ethereum bitcoin easy future bitcoin разработчик ethereum
bistler bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin минфин майнить bitcoin bitcoin cms bitcoin 3 bitcoin novosti
monero github bitcoin котировки bitcoin мавроди foto bitcoin добыча ethereum bitcoin ne wikileaks bitcoin бот bitcoin bitcoin india вебмани bitcoin ethereum io chain bitcoin bitcoin доходность пополнить bitcoin bittrex bitcoin bitcoin продам konvert bitcoin transactions bitcoin bitcoin фото bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin script mooning bitcoin cryptocurrency nem x2 bitcoin bitcoin valet tether обменник bitcoin блог bitcoin zona bitcoin javascript bitcoin алгоритм
bitcoin сложность hd7850 monero курс bitcoin But this approach offers limited privacy as both Bitcoin addresses and transactions are registered on the blockchain, opening them to public access. Even pseudonymous addresses are not fully private. A few transactions carried on by a participant over time can be linked to the same address, allowing the possibility of others to become aware of an address owner's trends and their identity.3bitcoin скрипт bitcoin ios metropolis ethereum 